🌾 Agronomic Details of the 20 Major Crops in India
Rice (Oryza sativa)
- **Originated in India | **Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally panicle
- Edible Part: the caryopsis grains | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 24
- Test Weight: required for calculation 22–24 gm | Seed Rate: in 60–80 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: IR-64, MTU-1010, BPT-5204, Naveen, and Swarna
- **Grown places are West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and Punjab and indian coastal areas | Soil Type: a clayey loam used | Season: in Kharif season months of June - Sep
- Duration: between 110 to 150 days | Climate: tropical climate | Spacing: is 20 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by puddling | Sowing Method: generally transplanting | Irrigation: given by 3 to 4 times during the crop cycle
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 5–6 tonnes per hectare
Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
- Originated in Southwest Asia | Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally spike
- Edible Part: the caryopsis grains | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 42
- Test Weight: required for calculation 40–42 gm | Seed Rate: in 100–125 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: HD-2967, PBW-343, and Lok-1
- **Grown places are Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh of northern India | Soil Type: a loamy soil used | Season: in Rabi season months of Nov–Mar
- Duration: between 120 to 140 days | Climate: cool and dry winter climate | Spacing: is 22 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by giving 2 ploughings | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by CRIs, flowering and milking stage timings
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 4–5 tonnes per hectare
Maize (Zea mays)
- **Originated in Mexico | **Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally tassel (male) and cob (female)
- Edible Part: the grains | Pollination: mainly cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 20
- Test Weight: required for calculation 200–300 gm | Seed Rate: in 20 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: HQPM-1, HQPM-5, and Ganga-11
- **Grown places are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Karnataka | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season months
- Duration: between 90 to 120 days | Climate: warm growing climate | Spacing: is 60 × 20 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by 3 to 4 times as needed
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 5–6 tonnes per hectare
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
- **Originated in Africa | **Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally panicle type
- Edible Part: the grains | Pollination: mainly cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 20
- Test Weight: required for calculation 25–30 gm | Seed Rate: in 12–15 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: CSH-14, CSV-15
- **Grown places are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season
- Duration: between 110 to 130 days | Climate: warm dryland climate | Spacing: is 45 × 15 cm
- Field Preparation: done by creating fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by critical growth stages
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 3–4 tonnes per hectare
Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
- **Originated in Africa | **Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally panicle
- Edible Part: the grains | Pollination: mainly cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 14
- Test Weight: required for calculation 8–10 gm | Seed Rate: in 4–5 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: HHB-60, GHB-558
- **Grown places are Rajasthan, Gujarat and dry zone areas | Soil Type: a sandy soil used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 90 to 100 days | Climate: dry and drought-prone | Spacing: is 45 × 15 cm
- Field Preparation: done by light harrowing | Sowing Method: generally by drilling | Irrigation: mostly rainfed with 1–2 protective irrigations
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 2–3 tonnes per hectare
Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana)
- **Originated in East Africa | **Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally finger-like spikes
- Edible Part: the grains | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 36
- Test Weight: required for calculation 2.6 gm | Seed Rate: in 10–12 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: GPU-28, PR-202
- **Grown places are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Odisha | Soil Type: a red loam used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 120 to 130 days | Climate: humid tropical climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by 2–3 irrigations as per growth
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 2–3 tonnes per hectare
- ue with crops 14 to 20 in the final part — using the exact same flow. Ready?
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Originated in Egypt | Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally spike
- Edible Part: the caryopsis grains | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 14
- Test Weight: required for calculation 35–40 gm | Seed Rate: in 100 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: RD-2552, RD-2035
- **Grown places are Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and Haryana | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Rabi season (winter)
- Duration: between 120 to 130 days | Climate: cool and dry frost-free climate | Spacing: is 22 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by 2 ploughings | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by CRI and milking stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 3–4 tonnes per hectare
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
- Originated in Southwest Asia | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seed | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 16
- Test Weight: required for calculation 150–180 gm | Seed Rate: in 75–100 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: JG-11, PG-186
- **Grown places are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan | Soil Type: a loamy soil used | Season: in Rabi season months
- Duration: between 120 to 140 days | Climate: cool and dry climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by 2 harrowings | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by CRI and pod formation stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 2–2.5 tonnes per hectare
Greengram (Vigna radiata)
- Originated in India | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seed | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 22
- Test Weight: required for calculation 25–30 gm | Seed Rate: in 15–20 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: BM-4, SML-668
- **Grown places are Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season
- Duration: between 70 to 90 days | Climate: warm humid climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by light harrowing | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering and pod stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1–1.5 tonnes per hectare
Blackgram (Vigna mungo)
- Originated in India | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seed | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 22
- Test Weight: required for calculation 30–40 gm | Seed Rate: in 15–20 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: T-9, PU-31
- **Grown places are Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh | Soil Type: an alluvial soil used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season
- Duration: between 80 to 90 days | Climate: humid climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by 2 harrowings | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering and pod filling stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1–1.2 tonnes per hectare
Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
- Originated in India | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seed | Pollination: mainly often cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 22
- Test Weight: required for calculation 80–90 gm | Seed Rate: in 12–15 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: BDN-708, ICPL-87119
- **Grown places are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra | Soil Type: a well-drained soil used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 150 to 210 days | Climate: sub-tropical climate | Spacing: is 60 × 20 cm
- Field Preparation: done by deep ploughing | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering and pod setting
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.5–2.5 tonnes per hectare
Lentil (Lens culinaris)
- Originated in Southwest Asia | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seed | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 14
- Test Weight: required for calculation 15–20 gm | Seed Rate: in 30–35 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: L-4076, DPL-62
- **Grown places are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar | Soil Type: a clay loam used | Season: in Rabi season
- Duration: between 100 to 120 days | Climate: cool climate with dry condition | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by 1 ploughing | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by CRI and pod setting
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.0–1.2 tonnes per hectare
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
- Originated in Brazil | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally axillary
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 40
- Test Weight: required for calculation 40–60 gm | Seed Rate: in 100–120 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: TAG-24, JL-24, TMV-2
- **Grown places are Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season
- Duration: between 105 to 120 days | Climate: warm tropical climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally behind plough | Irrigation: given by flowering, pegging, and pod formation stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.5–2.5 tonnes per hectare
Mustard (Brassica juncea)
- Originated in Central Asia | Family initially belongs in Brassicaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 36
- Test Weight: required for calculation 3–5 gm | Seed Rate: in 5 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: Varuna, Pusa Bold
- **Grown places are Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh | Soil Type: an alluvial soil used | Season: in Rabi season
- Duration: between 110 to 140 days | Climate: cool winter climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by branching and pod formation stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.2–2.0 tonnes per hectare
Soybean (Glycine max)
- Originated in China | Family initially belongs in Fabaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 40
- Test Weight: required for calculation 10–12 gm | Seed Rate: in 75 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: JS-335, NRC-37
- **Grown places are Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra | Soil Type: a well-drained loam used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 100 to 120 days | Climate: warm moist tropical climate | Spacing: is 45 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by deep ploughing | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering and pod stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 2.0–3.0 tonnes per hectare
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)
- Originated in USA | Family initially belongs in Asteraceae family | Inflorescence: generally capitulum
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 34
- Test Weight: required for calculation 60–80 gm | Seed Rate: in 8–10 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: Morden, KBSH-1
- **Grown places are Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh | Soil Type: a sandy loam used | Season: in Kharif and Rabi season
- Duration: between 90 to 100 days | Climate: cool to warm climate | Spacing: is 60 × 20 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering and seed filling stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.5–2.5 tonnes per hectare
Sesame (Sesamum indicum)
- Originated in Africa | Family initially belongs in Pedaliaceae family | Inflorescence: generally raceme
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 26
- Test Weight: required for calculation 2.5–3.0 gm | Seed Rate: in 5–6 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: RT-125, T-13
- **Grown places are Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh | Soil Type: a light soil used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 90 to 100 days | Climate: dry tropical climate | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by harrowing | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by flowering stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 800–1000 kg per hectare
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum)
- Originated in Southwest Asia | Family initially belongs in Linaceae family | Inflorescence: generally cymose
- Edible Part: the seeds | Pollination: mainly self-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 30
- Test Weight: required for calculation 5–7 gm | Seed Rate: in 20–25 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: T-397, Parvati
- **Grown places are Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar | Soil Type: an alluvial loam used | Season: in Rabi season
- Duration: between 100 to 120 days | Climate: cool winter season | Spacing: is 30 × 10 cm
- Field Preparation: done by fine tilth | Sowing Method: generally drilling | Irrigation: given by flowering stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.0–1.5 tonnes per hectare
Cotton (Gossypium spp.)
- Originated in India and Africa | Family initially belongs in Malvaceae family | Inflorescence: generally cyme
- Edible Part: the fibre (lint) | Pollination: mainly cross-pollinated | Chromosome: almost 2n = 26/52
- Test Weight: required for calculation 3.5–4.5 gm | Seed Rate: in 15–25 kg/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: H-4, LRA-5166
- **Grown places are Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab | Soil Type: a black soil used | Season: in Kharif season
- Duration: between 150 to 180 days | Climate: warm dry tropical climate | Spacing: is 90 × 45 cm
- Field Preparation: done by deep tillage | Sowing Method: generally line sowing | Irrigation: given by square and boll formation stage
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 1.5–3.0 tonnes per hectare
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
- Originated in India | Family initially belongs in Poaceae family | Inflorescence: generally arrow
- Edible Part: the stem juice | Pollination: mainly vegetative propagation | Chromosome: almost 2n = 80
- Planting Material: 3-budded setts | Seed Rate: in 35,000–40,000 setts/ha of field
- Popular Varieties: Co-86032, CoJ-64
- **Grown places are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu | Soil Type: a loamy soil used | Season: in Spring and Summer season
- Duration: between 10 to 12 months | Climate: tropical warm frost-free climate | Spacing: is 90 × 30 cm
- Field Preparation: done by deep ploughing | Sowing Method: generally furrow planting | Irrigation: given by 7–10 day interval
- Expected Yield: as with all expected losses 80–120 tonnes per hectare
Fertilizer Dose (kg/ha) of 20 Major Crops in NPK Format
- Rice — 100:50:50 NPK/ha
- Wheat — 120:60:40 NPK/ha
- Maize — 120:60:40 NPK/ha
- Sorghum — 100:50:40 NPK/ha
- Pearl Millet (Bajra) — 60:40:20 NPK/ha
- Finger Millet (Ragi) — 60:30:30 NPK/ha
- Barley — 60:30:20 NPK/ha
- Chickpea (Gram) — 20:40:20 NPK/ha
- Greengram (Moong) — 20:40:20 NPK/ha
- Blackgram (Urad) — 20:40:20 NPK/ha
- Pigeonpea (Arhar) — 25:50:25 NPK/ha
- Lentil (Masoor) — 20:40:20 NPK/ha
- Groundnut — 20:40:40 NPK/ha + Gypsum
- Mustard — 80:40:40 NPK/ha
- Soybean — 20:60:40 NPK/ha
- Sunflower — 60:60:40 NPK/ha
- Sesame (Til) — 40:20:20 NPK/ha
- Linseed — 40:30:20 NPK/ha
- Cotton — 100:50:50 NPK/ha
- Sugarcane — 150:50:50 NPK/ha